Warmly congratulate“Saline-alkali land alfalfa whole mechanized production technology” was listed in Shandong province, the main promotion of livestock technology

近日，由山東省畜牧總站會(huì )同山東綠風(fēng)農業(yè)集團有限公司聯(lián)合編寫(xiě)的《鹽堿地苜蓿全程機械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)》被山東省畜牧獸醫局列入2023年山東省畜牧業(yè)主推技術(shù)。

Recently, the “Full mechanized production technology of alfalfa in saline-alkali soil”, jointly compiled by Shandong General Animal Husbandry Station and Shandong Lufeng Agricultural Group Co. , Ltd. , has been listed by Shandong animal husbandry and Veterinary Medical Bureau as a 2023 technology for Shandong animal husbandry.

    黨的二十大以來(lái)，在以習總書(shū)記為核心的黨中央堅強領(lǐng)導下，山東畜牧業(yè)克服了多重挑戰，在支持奶業(yè)振興發(fā)展苜蓿種植領(lǐng)域取得了階段性的勝利，但目前仍面臨著(zhù)飼草缺口巨大、品質(zhì)普遍偏低的窘迫狀況。2023年中央一號文指出：“要構建多元化食物供給體系。樹(shù)立大食物觀(guān)，加快構建糧經(jīng)飼統籌、農林牧漁結合、植物動(dòng)物微生物并舉的多元化食物供給體系，分領(lǐng)域制定實(shí)施方案。建設優(yōu)質(zhì)節水高產(chǎn)穩產(chǎn)飼草料生產(chǎn)基地，加快苜蓿等草產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展......”。

Since the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) , under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with General Secretary XI at its core, Shandong's animal husbandry has overcome multiple challenges and achieved a phased victory in supporting the revitalization of the dairy industry and the development of alfalfa cultivation, however, there is still a huge gap in forage grass, the quality of the general low status of embarrassment. “We need to build a diversified food supply system,” the 2023 said. Set up a big food concept, accelerate the construction of food, economy and feed co-ordination, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries, plant and animal micro-organisms, a diversified food supply system, to develop implementation plans in different areas. Construction of high-quality water-saving high-yield and stable production of forage grass production base, to accelerate the development of alfalfa and other grass industry... .. ”.

    山東省濱海鹽堿地和內陸鹽堿地總面積約為6000公頃，其中可用于耕種的中輕度鹽堿地達4400公頃，為種植耐鹽牧草儲備了大量的土地資源。近年來(lái)，我國牧草機械進(jìn)入高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的快車(chē)道，同時(shí)先進(jìn)的進(jìn)口機具也在大量引進(jìn)應用，在苜蓿建植、病蟲(chóng)草害防治、刈割、干草調制和青貯制作等環(huán)節，都同時(shí)能夠飽和滿(mǎn)足規?；俎７N植的全程機械化需求。為打破資源短缺壁壘，在鹽堿地大力發(fā)展苜蓿產(chǎn)業(yè)，打通苜蓿生產(chǎn)全程機械化最后一公里，培養苜蓿生產(chǎn)一線(xiàn)工匠人才，山東省畜牧總站會(huì )同山東綠風(fēng)農業(yè)集團有限公司聯(lián)合制定了《鹽堿地苜蓿全程機械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)》。

The total area of saline-alkali land and inland saline-alkali land in Binhai Province is about 6,000 hectares, of which 4,400 hectares can be used for cultivation. In recent years, the forage machinery in our country has entered the fast track of high-quality development, while the advanced imported machinery is also being introduced and applied in large quantities, at the same time, it can satisfy the whole mechanization demand of large-scale alfalfa planting in the links of alfalfa planting, disease, insect and weed control, cutting, hay modulation and silage production. In order to break the barrier of resource shortage, we should develop alfalfa industry vigorously in saline-alkali land, open up the last kilometer of the whole process of alfalfa production mechanization, and train the craftsmen in the front line of alfalfa production, shandong provincial general animal husbandry station and Shandong Lufeng Agricultural Group Co. , Ltd. jointly formulated the“Saline-alkali land alfalfa whole mechanized production technology.”.

附：鹽堿地苜蓿全程機械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)要點(diǎn)、適宜區域及注意事項

Attached: full mechanized production of alfalfa saline-alkali technical points, suitable areas and points for attention

一、技術(shù)要點(diǎn) Key technical points

   （一）整地造墑技術(shù)

 (1) soil preparation technology

    1.整平。苜蓿備種地塊一定要提前精細整平，考慮到山東省土地流轉實(shí)際情況，結合苜蓿規?；N植及現代中大型機械應用等因素，建議使用激光平地機實(shí)施作業(yè)，單位種植地塊面積以20～30畝為宜。精平作業(yè)后地表平整，整體效果標準在該地塊內平均高低差小于3厘米為宜。

 1. Level. Considering the actual situation of land circulation in Shandong province, considering the factors of large-scale planting of alfalfa and the application of modern medium and large-scale machinery, it is suggested to use laser grader to carry out the operation, unit planting plot area to 20-30 mu is appropriate. After leveling operation, the surface is smooth, and the average height difference of the whole effect standard is less than 3 cm.

利用激光平地機整平作業(yè)

Leveling operation with laser grader

      2.深耕。苜蓿播前進(jìn)行的深耕處理，要打破傳統耕種造成的犁底層，有利于苜蓿根系生長(cháng)，深度≧25厘米。

 2. Deep ploughing. The deep ploughing before sowing of alfalfa should break the bottom layer of the plow caused by traditional cultivation and benefit the growth of alfalfa roots. The depth of the deep ploughing should be 25 cm.

深耕作業(yè)

Deep ploughing

     3.碎土。需運用碎土機械如圓盤(pán)耙或驅動(dòng)耙將地塊整碎整細。

 3. Break up the soil. The ground shall be broken up into small pieces by means of a soil crushing machine such as a disc rake or a drive rake.

     4.造墑。苜蓿種苗難以克服灌溉或雨后的土壤板結，盡量墑后播種。造墑方式宜采用大水漫灌方式，每畝用水40方左右，待土壤表面開(kāi)始松軟干燥，達到能夠承載播種機械狀態(tài)為宜。

 4.To create moisture. Alfalfa seedlings are difficult to overcome irrigation or soil compaction after rain, as much as possible after sowing moisture. The way of making soil moisture is suitable to use flood irrigation, about 40 square per mu of water, when the soil surface starts to be soft and dry, to be able to carry the state of sowing machinery.

（二）精量播種技術(shù)

  (2) precision seeding technology

      1.播種時(shí)間。 春季播種在3月15之前（須春季地表解凍深度達到3厘米即可），秋季播種力爭在10月1日之前。

 1.Sowing time. Spring sowing before March 15(spring surface thawing depth must reach 3 cm) , autumn sowing before October 1.

      2.種子處理。 種子質(zhì)量要符合GB4404.1標準，播種前用高效低毒的專(zhuān)用種衣劑進(jìn)行種子包衣或藥劑拌種。

 2.Seed treatment. The seed quality should meet the GB4404.1 standard. The seed should be coated or mixed with high effective and low toxic seed coating agent before sowing.

     3.合理施肥。 每畝總施肥量：氮8公斤，磷8公斤，鉀8公斤，硫酸鋅3公斤，提倡增施有機肥，合理施用中量和微量元素肥料。待5葉期后每畝追施氮肥15公斤，苜蓿喜鉀，建議適當多施鉀肥。

 3.Reasonable fertilization. Total amount of fertilizer applied per mu: 8kg N, 8kg P, 8kg K and 3kg znso 4. More organic fertilizer should be applied and moderate and micronutrient fertilizers should be applied rationally. After 5-leaf stage, 15 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per mu should be applied.

拋灑有機肥

Sprinkle organic fertilizer

     4.播種數量。 每畝播種合格凈種子1.5公斤左右為宜。

 4.Quantity sown. Each MU sows the qualified net seed 1.5 kilograms or so is suitable.

     5.播種方式。 用專(zhuān)用精量播種機播種，條播，行距≦15厘米，播種深度1.5～2厘米。播種機具勻速行走，保證下種均勻、深淺一致、行距一致，不漏播、不重播，地頭地邊播種整齊。

 5.Method of sowing. Use Special Precision Seeder to sow, strip sowing, row spacing ≤15 cm, sowing depth 1.5-2 cm. Planter with uniform speed, ensure that the next seed uniform, depth consistent, row spacing consistent, not missed sowing, not reseeding, the edge of the field sowing neatly.

苜蓿播種

Sowing alfalfa

     6.播后鎮壓。 一般在播后次日，用專(zhuān)用鎮壓器進(jìn)行鎮壓。播種后鎮壓能保證苜?？焖俪雒缂案嫡ＩL(cháng)，提高土壤抗旱保墑能力。

 6.Post-broadcast repression. General in the next day after sowing, with a special ballast for suppression. The suppression after sowing can ensure the rapid emergence of alfalfa and the normal growth of root system, and improve the ability of soil drought resistance and moisture conservation.

鎮壓作業(yè)

Repression

（三）苗后管理技術(shù)

 (3) post-seedling management techniques

     1.查苗補苗。出苗后及時(shí)查苗 對有缺苗斷壟的地塊，選擇與該地塊相同品種的種子，及時(shí)開(kāi)溝補種。

1.Check the seedlings to make up the seedlings. Check seedlings in time after seedling emergence, and select the same varieties of seeds with the same plot of land, furrow and make up the seeds in time.

     2.劃鋤鎮壓。出苗后遇雨或土壤板結，及時(shí)劃鋤，破除板結，有利于增溫保墑。

2.To strike down with a hoe. After the emergence of rain or soil compaction, hoe in time to break the compaction, conducive to warming and moisture conservation.

     3.防除雜草。以化學(xué)防治為主，防治禾本科雜草選用13%烯草酮，防治雙子葉類(lèi)雜草選用5%咪唑乙煙酸。盡量選擇攜藥量大、霧化覆蓋率高的地面行走式藥械，無(wú)人機噴灑是次要選擇。

3.Weed control. 13% Enzodone and 5% imidazethapyr were used to control grass weeds and dicotyledonous weeds respectively. As far as possible to choose a large amount of drug, high atomization coverage of the ground walking medical equipment, unmanned aerial spraying is the secondary choice.

自走式植保機械作業(yè)

Self-propelled plant protection machinery

      4.防治病蟲(chóng)害。葉斑病、褐斑病、炭疽病、蚜蟲(chóng)、薊馬、紅蜘蛛、苜蓿夜蛾等是常發(fā)生的病蟲(chóng)害，達到防治指標時(shí)，及時(shí)噴施甲基托布津、吡蟲(chóng)啉、掃滿(mǎn)凈、氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺等防治。

4.Prevention and control of diseases and pests. Leaf spot, brown spot, anthracnose, aphids, thrips, red spider and Alfalfa armyworm are common diseases and pests, timely spraying of thiophanate-methyl, imidacloprid, chloramphenicol, benzamide etc. .

（四）苜蓿機械化裹包青貯技術(shù)苜蓿青貯就是將晾曬后干物質(zhì)達到45%以上的苜蓿進(jìn)行高密度壓實(shí)，然后形成厭氧環(huán)境條件，抑制和殺滅各種微生物，避免腐敗，從而達到長(cháng)期保存的目的，生產(chǎn)中應用最多的是裹包青貯。苜蓿裹包青貯分為刈割、攤曬、摟草、切碎、添加青貯劑和裹包六道工序；  

 (4)the technology of Medicago sativa mechanized ensilage alfalfa ensilage is the high density compaction of Medicago sativa which has more than 45% dry matter after drying, and then the anaerobic environmental conditions are formed to restrain and kill all kinds of microorganisms and avoid corruption, in order to achieve the goal of long-term preservation, the most widely used in production is wrapped silage. Alfalfa ensilage can be divided into six steps: cutting, spreading, raking, chopping, adding silage agent and ensilage

     1.刈割。 一般在5月上旬現蕾期或初花期刈割，應盡量使用壓扁割草機作業(yè)。應提前認真收集天氣信息，及時(shí)掌握短期內天氣預報,并綜合考慮苜蓿作業(yè)面積、干草產(chǎn)量、質(zhì)量和對應機具作業(yè)能力，確定割草時(shí)間。一般連續有3-5天的晴天即可。

1.Mowing. Generally in the first ten days of may bud or early flowering mowing, should try to use the press mower operation. The weather information should be collected in advance, the short-term weather forecast should be grasped in time, and the cutting time should be determined according to the alfalfa working area, hay yield, quality and the working ability of the corresponding machinery. Generally there are 3-5 days of continuous sunny days.

刈割作業(yè)

Mowing operations

      2.攤曬。 攤曬機作業(yè)要盡量勻速行走。

 2.Spread the Sun. Spread the Sun Machine to work as fast as possible.

攤曬作業(yè)

Spread the sun work spread the sun work

     3.摟草。 摟草前，利用快速水分測定儀測定干草含水量，摟草時(shí)如要調制干草，干草含水量一般不高于13%；如要制作青貯，則含水量不要高于55%。盡量在清晨或傍晚進(jìn)行摟草作業(yè)，宜采用環(huán)形路線(xiàn)轉大圈作業(yè)，避免轉急彎。

3.Rake the grass. The moisture content of hay was measured by a rapid moisture meter before raking. When raking hay, the moisture content of hay should not be more than 13% , and when making silage, the moisture content should not be more than 55% . As far as possible in the early morning or evening raking operations, it is advisable to use a circular route to turn in large circles to avoid sharp turns.

摟草作業(yè)

Grass raking

     4.切碎。 用專(zhuān)用切碎機械將達到45%以上干物質(zhì)的苜蓿草條切碎，切碎長(cháng)度一般在2厘米左右為宜，目前一般選用五征、雷沃、科樂(lè )收、克羅尼等大型自走式青貯機械作業(yè)。

4.Mince. Using a special chopping machine to cut up alfalfa strips with more than 45% dry matter, the length of the chopping is generally about 2 cm, at present, large self-propelled ensilage machines such as wuzheng, Revò, Keluo and Choroní are commonly used.

利用青貯機進(jìn)行切碎作業(yè)

Use the silage machine for shredding

     5.添加青貯劑。 在切碎的同時(shí)向苜蓿碎片均勻的噴灑青貯菌劑，可以加快青貯速度，促進(jìn)乳酸菌發(fā)酵，抑制不良微生物或者增加營(yíng)養物質(zhì)。

5.Add silage. Spraying silage microbial agent evenly on alfalfa chips while mincing can speed up silage, promote lactobacillus fermentation, inhibit harmful microorganisms or increase nutrients.

     6.裹包。 運用裹包機械，將塑料包膜對切碎后的草片進(jìn)行壓實(shí)包裹的過(guò)程，裹包后的成品用專(zhuān)用夾包機入庫（場(chǎng)）。

6.Package. The use of packaging machinery, the plastic film on the shredded grass after the compaction of the packaging process, packaging the finished products with a special clamp machine into storage (field) .

苜蓿裹包生產(chǎn)現場(chǎng)

Alfalfa parcel production site

苜蓿裹包機（中間）、專(zhuān)用夾包機（右一）

Clover wrapping machine (middle) , special wrapping machine (first right)

二、適宜區域Suitable area

   本技術(shù)適宜在山東境內土壤含鹽量小于0.3%的區域內推廣應用。

 This technique is suitable for application in Shandong province where the soil salt content is less than 0.3% .

三、注意事項Points for attention

      1. 搶墑情及時(shí)播種。播種時(shí)間夏末秋初8月下旬最佳，如確需春播，宜于3月初土地解凍后搶墑播種，整地前要做好雜草滅除，出苗后要做好雜草防治。

1.Grab moisture and sow in time. Sowing time in late summer and early autumn in late August is the best. If spring sowing is needed, it should be done in early March after the soil thawing.

      2.控制好播種深度。苜蓿種子細小，一定要淺播，播種深度盡量不要超過(guò)2厘米。

2.Control the depth of sowing. Alfalfa seeds small, must be shallow sowing, sowing depth as far as possible not more than 2 cm.

      3.半干青貯時(shí)要調節好水分并加菌。苜蓿刈割要根據天氣情況確定晾曬時(shí)間，確保水分含量在40%-55%之間，并適當添加苜蓿青貯專(zhuān)用菌劑，可提高苜蓿半干青貯成功率。

 3.When semi-dry silage to adjust the water and add bacteria. The success rate of alfalfa semi-dry silage can be improved by determining the drying time according to the weather conditions, ensuring the moisture content between 40% and 55% , and adding proper bacteria for alfalfa silage.